RESEARCH PAPER
Classification of commonly used feed ingredients based on flow properties
1
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
2
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
3
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, Burdur 15030, Turkey
4
Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, Burdur 15030, Turkey
5
Research and Application Centre for Agriculture, Livestock and Food, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Campus, Burdur 15030, Turkey
6
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya 42003, Turkey
Final revision date: 2022-03-31
Acceptance date: 2022-04-19
Publication date: 2022-05-23
Corresponding author
Ahmet Yavuz Pekel
Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Veterinerlik Mesl, 34320, istanbul, Turkey
Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Veterinerlik Mesl, 34320, istanbul, Turkey
Int. Agrophys. 2022, 36(2): 123-130
HIGHLIGHTS
- Crude protein and ether extract contents of feedstuffs were negatively and positively correlated with the angle of repose, respectively.
- There is a wide variation in the angle of repose value among different ingredients tested
- Oilseed meals were classified as ‘easy flow’ whereas, most by-products and cereal grains belonged to ‘moderate flow’ and ‘difficult flow’ classes, respectively.
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The objective of this report was to classify ingredients based on their flowability. Twenty-six different feed ingredients (52 samples) were used including cereal grains, cereal by-products, oilseeds, oilseed meals, and animal-origin products. As an indication of flowability, the angle of repose was determined using a funnel test. In general, high protein oilseed meals had the lowest angle of repose, and therefore they had the highest flowability with the exception of cottonseed meal. Corn gluten feed and wheat middlings had the highest angle of repose values (39 and 34°, respectively), and therefore they had the lowest flowability. Ingredients with a range of angle of repose values between 22 and 25°, between 27 and 30°, and more than 30°, were categorized as having an easy flow, a moderate flow, and cohesive, respectively. The greater the protein content, the smaller the compressibility value (r = –0.38) and the lower the angle of repose (r = –0.42). An increase in the ether extract content of the ingredients resulted in a subsequent increase in angle of repose (r = 0.31) and therefore a decrease in flowability (p<0.05). The angle of repose was positively correlated with compressibility and the Hausner ratio. In conclusion, oilseed meals were classified as “easy flow”, most by-products as “moderate flow”, and cereal grains as “cohesive”.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was funded by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa. Project number: TSA-2021-35853. The authors would like to acknowledge the Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa for the endowment.
FUNDING
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES (47)
1.
Aguilera J.M., del Valle J.M., and Karel M., 1995. Caking phenomena in amorphous food powders. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 6, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-....
2.
Al-Hashemi H.M.B. and Al-Amoudi O.S.B., 2018. A review on the angle of repose of granular materials, Powder Technol., 330.397-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powt....
3.
Aliyu B., Agnew B., and Douglas S., 2010. Croton megalocarpus (Musine) seeds as a potential source of bio-diesel. Biomass Bioenerg., 34, 1495-1499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biom.... 2010.04.026.
4.
Alltech, 2017. World feed production exceeds 1 billion metric tons according to 2017 Alltech Global Feed Survey. Press Releases, https://www.alltech.com/press-...
5.
AOAC, 2006. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed., AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
6.
Bhadra R., Rosentrater K.A., and Muthukumarappan K., 2008. Surface characteristics and flowability of distillers dried grains with solubles. ASABE meeting presentation, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.....
7.
Bhadra R., Muthukumarappan K., and Rosentrater K.A., 2009. Flowability properties of commercial distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Cereal Chem., 86, 170-180, https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-....
8.
Bhadra R., Casada M.E., Thompson S.A., Boac J.M., Maghirang R.G., Montross M.D., Turner A., and McNeill S.G., 2017. Field-observed angles of repose for stored grain in the United States. Appl. Eng. Agric., 33, 131-137, https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.1....
9.
Briggs J.L., Maier D.E., Watkins B.A., and Behnke K.C., 1999. Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poult. Sci., 78, 1464-1471, https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.....
11.
Dozier III W.A., 2001. Cost Effective Pellet Quality for Meat Birds. Feed Management., 52, 1-3.
12.
Fitzpatrick J.J., Barry K., Cerqueira P.S.M., Iqbal T., O’Neill J., and Roos Y.H., 2007. Effect of composition and storage conditions on the flowability of dairy powders. Int. Dairy J., 17, 383-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idai....
13.
Fogagnolo J.B., Ruiz-Navas E.M., Robert M.H., and Torralba J.M., 2003. The effects of mechanical alloying on the compressibility of aluminum matrix composite powder. Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 355(1-2), 50-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-....
14.
Ganesan V., Rosentrater K.A., and Muthukumarappan K., 2008. Flowability and handling characteristics of bulk solids and powders: A review with implications for DDGS. Biosyst Eng., 101, 425-435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios....
15.
Ganesan V., Rosentrater K.A., and Muthukumarappan K., 2009. Physical and flow properties of regular and reduced fat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Food Bioprocess Technol., 2, 156-166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947....
16.
Groesbeck C.N., Goodband R.D., Tokach M.D., Nelssen J.L., Dritz S.S., and DeRouchey J.M., 2006. Particle size, mill type, and added fat influence angle of repose of ground corn. Prof. Anim. Sci., 22, 120-125, https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080....
17.
Gupta R.K. and Das S.K., 1997. Physical properties of sunflower seeds. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 66, 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1....
18.
Hamdani A., Rather S.A., Shah A., Gani A., Wani S.M., Masoodi F.A., and Gani A., 2014. Physical properties of barley and oats cultivars grown in high altitude Himalayan regions of India. J. Food Meas. Charact., 8, 296-304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694....
19.
Hao X.Y., Xin H.S., Gao H., Zhang X.Y., Lin C., Xu W.B., Wang,Y.Z., and Zhang Y.G., 2016. Relationship between the physical parameters, chemical compositions and rumen degradation kinetics parameters of certain feedstuffs for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 211, 84-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
20.
Hausner H.H., 1967. Friction conditions in a mass of metal powder. Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn. Univ. of California, LA, USA.
21.
Jadhav H.T., Ozoh C., Marripudi S.T., Cao X., and Rosentrater K.A., 2017. Studies on ground corn flowability as affected by particle size and moisture content. In 2017 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
22.
Jiang X., and Rosentrater K., 2015. Factors influencing feed ingredient flowability. In 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
23.
Johnston L.J., Goihl J., and Shurson G.C., 2009. Selected additives did not improve flowability of DDGS in commercial systems. Appl. Eng. Agric., 25(1), 75-82, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.....
24.
Juliano P. and Barbosa-Cánovas G.V., 2010. Food powders flowability characterization: theory, methods, and applications. Annu. Rev. Food., 1, 211-239, https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....
25.
Kammel D.W., 2000. Physical Characteristics of Alternatives Feed, USA: Agricultural Engineering Department University of Wisconsin-Madison Cooperative Extension.
26.
Khazaei J. and Ghanbari S., 2010. New method for simultaneously measuring the angles of repose and frictional properties of wheat grains. Int. Agrophys., 24, 275-286.
27.
Lachman L., Lieberman H., and Kanig J., 1986. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Pa.: Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
28.
Liu L.X., Marziano I., Bentham A.C., Litster J.D., White E.T., and Howes T., 2008. Effect of particle properties on the flowability of ibuprofen powders. Int. J. Pharm., 362, 109-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijph....
29.
Matchett A.J., 2006. Stresses in a bulk solid in a cylindrical silo, including an analysis of ratholes and an interpretation of rathole stability criteria. Chem. Eng. Sci., 61, 2035-2047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.....
30.
Mohsenin N.N., 2020. Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials: v. 1: Physical Characteristics and Mechanical Properties. Routledge.
31.
Molenda M., Montross M.D., Horabik J., and Ross I.J., 2002. Mechanical properties of corn and soybean meal. Trans. ASAE., 45, 1929-1936, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.....
32.
Moss A., Chrystal P., Crowley T., and Pesti G., 2021. Raw material nutrient variability has substantial impact on the potential profitability of chicken meat production. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 30, 10012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr....
33.
Pekel A.Y., Çalık A., Kuter E., Alataş M.S., Öklen S.B., Kızıl A., Bulat M., and Cengiz Ö., 2020. Impact of chemical and physical properties on flowability characteristics of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Int. Agrophys., 34, 195-202, https://doi.org/10.31545/intag....
34.
Perez M.F. and Flores R.A., 1997. Particle size of spray dried soymilk. Appl. Eng. Agric., 13, 647-652, https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-....
35.
Pishnamazi M., Casilagan S., Clancy C., Shirazian S., Iqbal J., Egan D., Edlin C., Croker D.M., Walker G.M., and Collins M.N., 2019. Microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and lignin blends: process mapping of dry granulation via roll compaction. Powder Technol., 341, 38-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powt....
36.
Probst K.V., Ambrose R.P.K., Pinto R.L., Bali R., Krishnakumar P., and Ileleji K.E., 2013. The effect of moisture content on the grinding performance of corn and corn cobs by hammer milling. Trans. ASABE., 56, 1025-1033, https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS....
37.
Rupp L.S., Molitor M.S., and Lucey J.A., 2018. Effect of processing methods and protein content of the concentrate on the properties of milk protein concentrate with 80% protein. J. Dairy Sci., 101, 7702-7713, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.20....
38.
SAS Institute., 2006. “SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Release 9.1”, Cary, SAS Inst Inc., NC, USA.
39.
Stanley L.M., 1981. Agricultural materials handling manual, Part 7 Engineering properties. Section 7.1 Properties of agricultural materials.
40.
Steckel H., Markefka P., and Kammelar R., 2006. Effect of milling and sieving on functionality of dry powder inhalation products. Int. J. Pharm., 309, 51-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijph....
41.
Tang P., Patterson P.H., and Puri V.M., 2006. Effect of feed segregation on the commercial hen and egg quality. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15, 564-573, https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/1....
42.
Teunou E., Fitzpatrick J.J., and Synnott E.C., 1999. Characterization of food powder flowability. J. Food Eng., 39, 31-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-....
43.
Thomas M., and van der Poel A.F.B., 1996. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 1. Criteria for pellet quality. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 61, 89-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8....
44.
Tumuluru J.S., Tabil L.G., Song Y., Iroba K.L., and Meda V., 2014. Grinding energy and physical properties of chopped and hammer-milled barley, wheat, oat, and canola straws. Biomass Bioenerg., 60, 58-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biom....
45.
Wang Y.U.J.I.E., Chung D.S., and Spillman C.K., 1995. Physical properties of soybean meal. Cereal Chem., 72, 523-526.
46.
Vignolles M.L., Jeantet R., Lopez C., and Schuck P., 2007. Free fat, surface fat and dairy powders: interactions between process and product. A review. Le Lait., 87, 187-236, https://doi.org/10.1051/lait:2....
47.
Yan H. and Barbosa-Cánovas G.V., 1997. Compression characteristics of agglomerated food powders: Effect of agglomerate size and water activity. Food Sci. Technol. Int., 3, 351-359, https://doi.org/10.1177/108201....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2300-8725 |
| ISSN: | 0236-8722 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
