RESEARCH PAPER
Effects of harvest maturity on microbial community composition, enzyme activities, and phenolic acids in upper tobacco leaves after curing
1
College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
2
Lincang Company of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Lincang 677000, China
3
Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
4
China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
Final revision date: 2024-12-12
Acceptance date: 2025-01-11
Publication date: 2025-04-14
Corresponding author
Wanyi Nong
College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
Feiyan Huang
College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
Int. Agrophys. 2025, 39(3): 209-225
HIGHLIGHTS
- Microorganisms and metabolites on quality
- The mechanism of action of tobacco leaf
- Upper tobacco leaves
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco are an important raw material for cigarette production, and harvest maturity is one of the important factors affecting tobacco leaf quality. This study used Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, conventional physicochemical assays, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to investigate the effects of different harvest maturities on the microbial community composition, enzyme activities, phenolic acid contents, and main aroma and chemical components of tobacco leaves after curing. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Ascomycota were the dominant bacteria and fungi in the cured tobacco leaf samples. At the genus level, Unclassified_k_Fungi was the dominant fungal genus in the conventional harvesting treatment; Altemaria, Leptosphaerulina, and Stagonosporopsis were the dominant fungal genera in the 7-d delayed harvesting treatment, Aspergillus, Symmetrospora, and Filobasidium were the dominant bacterial and fungal genera in the 14-d delayed harvesting treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that the dominant bacterial and fungal communities at the genus level showed a high correlation with the enzyme activities, phenolic acid contents, aroma component contents, and chemical component contents in the tobacco leaves. For example, the content of the neutral aroma substance neophytadiene was significantly positively correlated with Aspergillus, Symmetrospora, and Curtobacterium, while the nicotine content was extremely significantly negatively correlated with Aspergillus, Symmetrospora, and Pseudomonas and significantly positively correlated with Massilia. Finally, we found that the enzyme activities, phenolic acid contents, and aroma component contents in the tobacco leaves in the 14-d delayed harvesting treatment were higher, the nicotine content was the lowest, and the chemical composition was more consistent. In the microbial community, Aspergillus, Symmetrospora, and Filobasidium promoted the improvement of tobacco leaf quality to a certain extent. Our study evaluated the effect of harvest maturity on tobacco leaf quality from multiple perspectives and emphasized the important role of the endophytic microbial communities in the development of tobacco leaf quality. The objective is to offer scientific support for the ensuing modification of the harvest period for flue-cured tobacco and the use of the microbial community to enhance the quality of tobacco leaves.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES (51)
1.
Bouthour, D., Hajjaji-Nasraoui, A., Saafi, L., Gouia, H., Chaffei-Haouari, C., 2012. Effects of NaCl on growth and activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana rustica). African J. Biotechnol. 11(63), 12619-12629. https://doi.org.10.5897/AJB11.....
2.
Breidenbach, B., Pump, J., Dumont, M.G., 2015. Microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of rice plants. Front Microbiol. 6, 1537. https://doi.org.10.3389/fmicb.....
3.
Chen, X.M., Lin, Y., Liang, S.L., 2016. Enzyme production analysis and structure identification of bacterial communities on the tobacco leaves. Genomics App. Biol. 35, 1760-1766.
4.
Chen, Y.J., Ren, K., He, X., Gong, J.S.S., Hu, X.D., Su, J.E., et al., 2019. Dynamic changes in physiological and biochemical properties of flue-cured tobacco of different leaf ages during flue-curing and their effects on yield and quality. BMC Plant Biology 19, 1-21. https://doi.org.10.1186/s12870....
5.
Di, X.H., 2017. The effects of vegetation recovery on microbial communities across the secondary succession in the loess plateau. Northwest A&F University, Xian, China.
6.
Ding, J.Y., Yu, J., Yang, C.L., Chen, X., Yao, L., 2024. Effect of Yeast fermentation of tobacco bud extract on fermentation of cigar leaves. J. Henan Agricultural Sci. 53(7), 168.
8.
Gong, Y.N., Li, J.J., Deng, X.H., Chen, Y.Q., Chen, S.Y., Huang, H.M., et al., 2023. Application of starch degrading bacteria from tobacco leaves in improving the flavor of flue-cured tobacco. Front Microbiol. 14, 1211936. https://doi.org.10.3389/fmicb.....
9.
Gu, Y.L., 2021. Effects of different maturity of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco on baking physiology, biochemistry and quality of tobacco leaves after roasting. Guizhou University. https://doi.org.10.27047/d.cnk....
10.
Gutierrez-Albanchez, E., García-Villaraco, A., Lucas, J.A., Horche, I., Ramos-Solano, B., Gutierrez-Mañero, F.J., 2021. Pseudomonas palmensis sp. nov., a Novel Bacterium isolated from Nicotiana glauca microbiome: draft genome analysis and biological potential for agriculture. Frontiers Microbiol. 12: 672751. https://doi.org.10.3389/fmicb.....
11.
Han, L., 2018. Diversity and spatial distribution of fungi in Dianchi lake of Yunnan plateau. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yunnan University, China.
12.
Han, Y.H., 2022. Development and quality of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco, effects of topping time and available leaf number on growth. Shandong Agricultural University. https://doi.org.10.27277/d.cnk....
13.
He, Z.W., Xi, J.Q., Deng, B.L., Wei, J.Y., Song, J.Z., 2013. Screening of highly pectinase-producing strain from tobacco leaf and enzymatic properties thereof. Tobacco Sci. 05, 72-76.
14.
Huang, F.C., Schwab, W., 2012. Overexpression of hydroperoxide lyase, peroxygenase and epoxide hydrolase in tobacco for the biotechnological production of flavours and polymer precursors. Plant Biotechnol. J. 10(9), 1099-109. https://doi.org.10.1111/j.1467....
15.
Huang, J.W., Yang, J.K., Duan, Y.Q., Gu, W., Gong, X.W., Zhe, W., et al., 2010. Bacterial diversities on unaged and aging flue-cured tobacco leaves estimated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Applied Microbiol. Biotechnol. 88(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253....
16.
Huang, S., Liu D., Chen, M., Xi, G.L., Yang, P.F., Jia, C.X., et al., 2022. Effects of Bacillus subtilis subsp. on the microbial community and aroma components of flue-cured tobacco leaves based on metagenome analysis. Arch Microbiol. 204(12), 726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203....
17.
Huang, T.H., Gui, J.P., Deng, L.S., 2015. Research advances of reconstituted tobacco sheet quality improved with enzyme preparation. J. Northeast Agric. Univ. 46(10): 102-108.
18.
Jiang, Y.L., Chen, X., Zhao, G.K., Liu, J.H., Yan, X., Y., Li, Y., et al., 2021. Endophytic fungal community of tobacco leaves and their potential role in the formation of "Cherry-Red" tobacco. Frontiers Microbiol. 12, 658116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.....
19.
Lei, L.P., 2007. Reduction of tobacco specific nitrosam ine in air-cured tobacco leaves by bacterial endophyte (Bacillus sp.). Southwest China J. Agric. Sci. 03, 515-520. https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnk....
20.
Li, J. F., Deng, Z.Y., Dong, H.H., Tsao, R., Liu, X.R., 2023. Substrate specificity of polyphenol oxidase and its selectivity towards polyphenols: Unlocking the browning mechanism of fresh lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). Food Chem. 424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
21.
Li, J., 2014. Effects of Harvesting and Cutting leaves on the structure and usability of flue-cured tobacco leaf. Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
22.
Li, N., Wang, C.G., Zeng, D.L., Liu, Y.B., Yang, J., Lei, J.S., et al., 2012. Isolation and identification of Bacillus cereus and its application in cigar leaf fermentation. Acta Tabacaria Sinica 18(02), 65-69.
23.
Liu, Y., Cao, J., Zhang, J., Chen, G., Luo, C., Huang, L., 2024. Research progress and prospect on the safety of heated tobacco products Toxicol. 505: 153823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.....
24.
Ma, X.K., Daugulis, A.J., 2014. Effect of bioconversion conditions on vanillin production by Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 through an analysis of competing by-product formation[J]. Bioprocess Biosys. Eng. 37(5): 891-899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449....
25.
Mesarović, J.Z., Dragičević, V.D., Mladenović-Drinić, S.D., Ristić, D.S., Kravić, N.B., 2017. Determination of free phenolic acids from leaves within different colored maize. J. Serbian Chemical Soc. 82(1). https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC160....
26.
Shen, M.X., 2022. Tobacco leaves matured at different stage study on the difference in aroma substances of flue-cured. Shandong Agricultural University, https://doi.org/10. 27277/d.cnki.gsdnu.2022.000880.
27.
Shi, Y.X., He, Y.S., Zheng, Y.X., Liu, X.X., Wang, S.Z., Xiong, T.E., et al., 2024. Fuzhao Nian Characteristics of the phyllosphere microbial community and its relationship with major aroma precursors during the tobacco maturation process. Front Plant Sci. 15, 1346154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2....
28.
Song, Y.Y., Zhang, X.Q., Yang, T.Z., Peng, Y.F., Wang, D., Wu, Y.J., et al., 2014. Effeect of different harvesting maturities of flue-cured tobacco on related indicators in enzymatic browning reaction during curing. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica. 34(12), 2459-2466.
29.
Su, C., Gu, W., Zhe, W., Zhang, K.Q., Duan, Y.Q., Yang, J.K., 2011. Diversity and phylogeny of bacteria on Zimbabwe tobacco leaves estimated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Applied Microbiol. Biotechnol. 92(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253....
30.
Su, D.C., 2015. Chinese tobacco cultivation. Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. Shanghai Scientific, Qingdao, China.
31.
Viswanath, K.K., Varakumar, P., Pamuru, R.R., Basha, S.J., Mehta, S., Rao, A.D., 2020. Plant lipoxygenases and their role in plant physiology. J. Plant Biol. 63, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374....
32.
Wang, X.Y., Chang, F.Y., Dong, Q.L., Jia, P., Luan, H.A., Wang, X.X., et al., 2023. Selenium application during fruit development can effectively inhibit browning of fresh-cut apples by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing polyphenol oxidase activity. J. Plant Physiol. 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplp....
33.
Wang, Y., Ma, L.L., Lv, X., Zhao, D.X., Huang, Z.B., 2015. Effects of single and mixed culture solid state fermentation on main chemical components in cigarette blend. Tobacco Sci. 48(11), 47-52.
34.
Wang, Y.K., 2020. Study on appearance maturity characteristics and quantitative standard of high maturity tobacco. Guizhou University. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.2....
35.
Wei, J., Song, K., Zang, Z.P., Yang, H.J., Gao, Y.Z., Zhang, J.D., et al., 2024. Influence of specific tobacco endophytic Bacillus on tobacco leaf quality enhancement during fermentation. Frontiers Microbiol. 15, 1468492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.....
36.
Welty, R.E., Lucas, G.B., 2021. Fungi isolated from flue-cured tobacco at time of sale and after storage. Appl. Microbiol. 17(3), 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.17.....
37.
Wu, X.H., 2010. UPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of several types of flavor precursors in tobacco. M.A. Thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
38.
Wu, X.Y., 2022. Dynamic analysis of flue-cured tobacco in aging process and study of functional microorganisms. Jiangnan University. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.2....
39.
Wu, X.Y., Cai, W., Zhu P.C., Peng, Z., Zheng, T.F., Li, D.L., et al., 2022. Profiling the role of microorganisms in quality improvement of the aged flue-cured tobacco. BMC Microbiol. 22(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866....
40.
Wu, X.Y., Zhu, P.C., Li, D.L., Zheng, T.F., Cai, W., Li, J.H., et al., 2021. Bioaugmentation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-Bacillus kochii co-cultivation to improve sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco. Archives Microbiol. 203: 5723-5733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203....
41.
Xue, L., Zheng, Z.H., Guo, Z.G., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Chen, W., et al., 2019. Screening and application of aroma-enhancing bacteria for tobacco. Chinese Tobacco Sci. 40(05): 60-67.
42.
Ye, W.G., 2018. Effects of nitrogen-saving and density-increasing on usability of upper leaves and structure of flue cured tobacco. M.A. Thesis, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
44.
Zhang F., Zhang X., 2011. Classification and quality evaluation of tobacco leaves based on image processing and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Sensors Basel. 11(3), 2369-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/s11030....
45.
Zhang, L., Zhang, X.T., Ji, H.W., Wang, W.W., Liu, J., Wang, F., et al., 2018. Metabolic profiling of tobacco leaves at different growth stages or different stalk positions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Industrial Crops Products 116, 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indc....
46.
Zhang, N.Y., Yang, G.Y., 2023. α-amylase detection methods and applications. Chinese J. Biotechnol. 39(3), 898-911. https://cjb.ijournals.cn/html/ cjbcn/2023/3/gc23030898.htm.
47.
Zhang, Q.Y., Geng, Z.Z., Li, D.L., Ding, Z.Y., 2020. Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and cco-occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue-cured tobacco leaves. Microbiologyopen. 9(2): e965. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.9....
48.
Zhang, S.F., 2012. Relationship of altitude gradient andsoil nutrient and tobacco chemical composition with tobacco aroma components for Yunnan Province core tobacco material base. M.A. Thesis, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
49.
Zhang, Z.N., Zhang, G.Z., Chen, J.J., Wei, B.J., Lan, B.J., Du, J., 2018. Diversity of culturable fungi on surface of tobacco leaves during aging. Tobacco Sci. 51(12), 23-30.
50.
Zhou, H.Y., Su, F., Sun, J.W., Xuan, S.Z., Zhou, C.M., Sun, H.L., et al., 2013. Effect of ecological environment on upper stalk leaves quality and neutral aroma components of burley tobacco. Chinese J. Eco-Agric. 21(7), 844-852. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1....
51.
Zhou, J.F., 2018. Relationship between GS isoenzyme expression characteristics and nitrogen transport in tobacco at maturity. M.A. Thesis, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2300-8725 |
| ISSN: | 0236-8722 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
