The mechanization of the whole process of sugarcane harvesting is an integral part of reducing the cost of sugarcane production. In order to select sugarcane strains suitable for mechanized harvesting, in this experiment, a dynamic resistance strain gauge and other equipment determined the related mechanical property parameters such as density, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio of different sugarcane varieties. Ansys/explicit dynamics were used to establish a finite element model of the disc cutting device and to simulate the forces exerted on the stalk during sugarcane harvesting and also the quality of the cut section. Then, after obtaining the regression equation analysis and the response surface through the cross-section mass, the field harvesting experiment verifies the simulation results. The results show that the density, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio significantly affect the cutting quality within the three types of mechanical parameters. Through response surface analysis, when the elastic modulus is 92 MPa, the density is 1145 kg m^–3, the Poisson's ratio is 0.404, the best cutting quality was obtained, and the section flatness is 57.09%. According to the cross-sectional regression equation, the calculation results are as follows: Liucheng 05-136 > Yuetang 94-128 > Guitang 42, which is the same as the actual harvest quality results under the two planting modes. This indicated that the difference in the mechanical properties of the sugarcane would significantly affect the quality of mechanical harvesting, which provides a reference direction for selecting sugarcane varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting.